Differences in phonation difficulty according to general characteristics
| Phonation difficulty | χ2 ( |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N, %) | Yes (N, %) | |||
| Gender | Male | 1,525 (86.4) | 241 (13.6) | 23.020 (< 0.001) |
| Female | 1,602 (91.4) | 150 (8.6) | ||
| Age group | 20 - 39 | 957 (95.7) | 43 (4.3) | 209.351 (< 0.001) |
| 40 - 64 | 1,686 (90.6) | 174 (9.4) | ||
| 65 - 80 | 484 (73.6) | 174 (26.4) | ||
| Income | Low | 737 (84.4) | 136 (15.6) | 36.573 (< 0.001) |
| Middle-low | 744 (87.9) | 102 (12.1) | ||
| Middle-high | 801 (89.7) | 92 (10.3) | ||
| High | 845 (93.3) | 61 (6.7) | ||
| Education level | Elementary school | 278 (70.7) | 115 (29.3) | 247.027 (< 0.001) |
| Middle school | 195 (74.7) | 66 (25.3) | ||
| High school | 1,092 (89.5) | 128 (10.5) | ||
| ≥ College | 1,562 (95.0) | 82 (5.0) | ||
| Economic activities | Yes | 2,101 (90.8) | 214 (9.2) | 23.969 (< 0.001) |
| No | 1,026 (85.3) | 177 (14.7) | ||
| Drinking | Non-drinker | 1,362 (88.4) | 179 (11.6) | 0.698 (0.418) |
| Drinker | 1,765 (89.3) | 212 (10.7) | ||
| Smoking | Non-smoker | 2,627 (89.6) | 306 (10.4) | 8.287 (0.005) |
| Smoker | 500 (85.5) | 85 (14.5) | ||
| Health level | Good | 1,153 (93.9) | 75 (6.1) | 114.383 (< 0.001) |
| Normal | 1,469 (89.6) | 171 (10.4) | ||
| Bad | 505 (77.7) | 145 (22.3) | ||
| Oral health level | Good | 612 (95.6) | 28 (4.4) | 199.631 (< 0.001) |
| Normal | 1,620 (93.5) | 113 (6.5) | ||
| Bad | 895 (78.2) | 250 (21.8) | ||
| Hypertension | None | 2,303 (91.7) | 209 (8.3) | 69.426 (< 0.001) |
| Risk | 824 (81.9) | 182 (18.1) | ||
| Diabetes | None | 2,766 (90.3) | 298 (9.7) | 46.330 (< 0.001) |
| Risk | 361 (79.5) | 92 (20.5) | ||
